Modals – speculation/deduction (past)
I “Modals of speculation” sono verbi modali ausiliari che esprimono gradi di certezza. Descrivono un fatto o una situazione che è sicura, probabile, possibile o impossibile dal punto di vista di colui che parla. (Siccome colui che parla sta facendo ipotesi – speculating -, può sbagliarsi). Esempi:
I may buy a new computer this summer, if I can
afford it.
He might go back to school for his Master's Degree next year, but he hasn't decided yet.
He might go back to school for his Master's Degree next year, but he hasn't decided yet.
Possiamo anche usare i
modali per fare congetture/ipotesi – in inglese “to speculate” - sul passato. USIAMO
1) must + Have + past participle (‘have done’, ‘have been’ have stolen’ ecc, anche detto perfect infinitive) quando ci sentiamo sicuri riguardo a qualcosa nel passato.
1) must + Have + past participle (‘have done’, ‘have been’ have stolen’ ecc, anche detto perfect infinitive) quando ci sentiamo sicuri riguardo a qualcosa nel passato.
·
The thieves
must have come in through the window. Look – it’s still open.
·
Oh no! Where’s
my car? Someone must have stolen it!
2) might/may/could
+ perfect infinitive per dire che pensiamo che è possibile
che qualcosa sia successo, ma non ne siamo sicuri.
·
The thieves
might have escaped by car (but we can’t be sure).
·
He should be
here by now. He may have been delayed by a traffic jam or something.
·
I can’t find
my purse. I could have left it in the supermarket (but I just don’t know).
Nella forma negativa, il significato
di MIGHT NOT/MAY NOT non è però lo stesso di COULD NOT.
Why is Tom late? He may / might not have got your message. (NOT could not) = Maybe he didn’t get your message.
Why is Tom late? He may / might not have got your message. (NOT could not) = Maybe he didn’t get your message.
Infatti, Couldn’t have ha lo stesso
significato di can’t have.
Why is Tom late? I’m not sure! He can’t / couldn’t have forgotten about the party! = I’m sure he didn’t forget.
Why is Tom late? I’m not sure! He can’t / couldn’t have forgotten about the party! = I’m sure he didn’t forget.
3) can’t +
perfect infinitive quando ci sentiamo sicuri che
qualcosa non è successo nel passato.
·
I thought I
saw John in town this morning but it can’t have been him – he’s in Greece this
week.
·
I can’t have
left it in the supermarket – I had it on the bus on the way home.
·
You can’t have
read the instructions properly. They’re perfectly clear.
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